In what year did the Supreme Court decide that it was unconstitutional to require recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance?

In what year did the Supreme Court decide that it was unconstitutional to require recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance?

The Supreme Court decided that it was unconstitutional to require recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance not in the 1960s but in 1943, in the midst of World War II. In that year, the Supreme Court struck down a West Virginia law requiring recitation of the pledge.

How did the members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood sign their paintings?

How did the members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood sign their paintings?

The members of the secret brotherhood formed in 1848 exhibited their paintings anonymously with the signature PRB. The founding members were Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Holman Hunt, and John Everett Millais, who were rebelling against the unimaginative academic art of their day. Though the PRB (unmasked in 1850) had a profound influence on Western painting,…

What were the earlier names for the Beatles?

What were the earlier names for the Beatles?

The Beatles had several names. In the late 1950s, John Lennon and Paul McCartney formed a band to play “skiffle” music in local Liverpool clubs. They first called themselves the Quarrymen, then tried several other names: Johnny and the Moondogs, the Moonshiners, Long John and the Silver Beatles. By 1960, however, they settled on the…

Which of the 13 Colonies was founded by pacifists?

Which of the 13 Colonies was founded by pacifists?

Pennsylvania, founded by William Penn, a Quaker, in 1682 was one of the 13 Colonies was founded by pacifists. Members of the Society of Friends, or Quaker movement, rejected formal sacraments and clergy, trusted in the inspiration of an “inner light,” and forbade violence and war. Penn hoped Pennsylvania’s government would embody Quaker principles, practicing…

What was the first chartered railroad in the United States?

What was the first chartered railroad in the United States?

The Granite Railway was the first chartered railroad in the United States. It began running from Quincy, Massachusetts, to the Neponset River, a distance of three miles, on October 7, 1826. Its principal cargo consisted of blocks of granite for use in building the Bunker Hill Monument in Charlestown. The railway later became part of…

How many air traffic controllers did President Reagan fire during the strike in 1981?

How many air traffic controllers did President Reagan fire during the strike in 1981?

President Reagan fired all of the 11,600 air traffic controller strikers after they refused to obey a court order to return to work. By decade’s end, there were 2,500 fewer air traffic controllers employed in the industry. Meanwhile, U.S. air traffic had increased by a third and safety records had worsened.

Who were the Molly Maguires in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal mines?

Who were the Molly Maguires in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal mines?

The Molly Maguires were a secret militant organization of Irish miners working in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal mines in the 19th century. They organized in 1854 to fight the mine operators. In 1875, a Pinkerton spy working for the owners infiltrated the group. That led to the conviction and hanging of 20 Molly Maguires on…

What happened to the concluding part of Nikolai Gogol’s Dead Souls (1842)?

What happened to the concluding part of Nikolai Gogol’s Dead Souls (1842)?

The first part of Nikolai Gogol’s Dead Souls is recognized as a comic masterpiece, but the second part never saw the light of day. Convinced by the radical priest Father Matthew Konstantinovsky that literature was sinful, Gogol (1809-52) burned the manuscript of Part Two in 1852. He died a few days later.

How long have people of Mexican descent lived in Los Angeles?

How long have people of Mexican descent lived in Los Angeles?

People of Mexican descent founded the city of Los Angeles in 1781. Mexicans remained the major population group in Los Angeles (named for Our Lady of the Angels) until the Gold Rush of 1849 brought Anglo-Americans to California in droves. By then, as a result of the Mexican War in 1846-48, California had passed from…

When did Andrew Carnegie present his “Gospel of Wealth”?

When did Andrew Carnegie present his “Gospel of Wealth”?

In an 1889 speech, the 54-year old steel baron and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie outlined his “Gospel,” a set of principles for amassing and sharing wealth. He wrote, “The millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor; entrusted for a season with a great part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it…

How many 1988 films featured the premise of body-switching between a young person and an older person?

How many 1988 films featured the premise of body-switching between a young person and an older person?

Three movies featured the premise of body-switching between a young person and an older person: 18 Again, Vice Versa, and Like Father, Like Son. A fourth, Big, dealt with a young person magically matured into an older one. The premise dates back to the 1947 Vice Versa, where a child (Anthony Newley) switched bodies with…

Who was Tokyo Rose?

Who was Tokyo Rose?

Tokyo Rose was a Japanese American named Iva d’Aquino (b. 1916) known for her World War II radio broadcasts aimed at weakening the morale of U.S. servicemen. Convicted of treason after the war, she received a presidential pardon in 1977. She had several counterparts, all known as Axis Sally and all broadcasting to GIs in…

Do Gargoyles on medieval cathedrals have a practical function?

Do Gargoyles on medieval cathedrals have a practical function?

Gargoyles, the grotesque statues that decorate medieval cathedrals, and the medieval-influenced architecture of some universities, are not merely decorative. A gargoyle is technically a waterspout that projects from a roof gutter to throw rainwater clear of a building. The term is applied more loosely to any grotesquely carved figure.

How many women died in the Triangle Waist Company fire in New York City?

How many women died in the Triangle Waist Company fire in New York City?

At least 146 women, mainly young immigrants, died in the sweatshop fire in the Triangle Waist Company that occurred on April 20, 1911. The sprinkler system was inadequate, the 500 female workers stood back-to-back on the crowded work floors, and the fire doors were kept locked to prevent theft. The company owners were later acquitted…

Who was the head of the Vichy government in France during World War II?

Who was the head of the Vichy government in France during World War II?

Henri Philippe Main (1856-1951) was a military hero in World War I and premier of France in 1940. In June of that year, he called for an armistice with Germany and became the “chief of state” of the puppet government at Vichy. After the war, he was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted…

Who wrote “Mary Had a Little Lamb”?

Who wrote “Mary Had a Little Lamb”?

One of the earliest and most influential American magazine editors, Sarah Josepha Hale wrote “Mary Had a Little Lamb” in 1830. In addition to founding the first national women’s magazine, Godey’s Ladies’Magazine, and successfully campaigning to make Thanksgiving a national holiday, she was inspired to write the rhyme by an actual case of a child’s…

What is the derivation of the phrase In Like Flynn?

What is the derivation of the phrase In Like Flynn?

The phrase “In Like Flynn” is believed to have originated with Ed Flynn. Flynn was head of New York City’s Democratic party machine from 1922 to 1953. Flynn’s political machine was always “in” power. The phrase gained further popularity in 1942, when swashbuckling actor Errol Flynn (1909-1959) was tried and acquitted on charges of the…

What was the first name of Dr. Frankenstein in the 1931 Universal version of Frankenstein?

What was the first name of Dr. Frankenstein in the 1931 Universal version of Frankenstein?

The first name of Dr. Frankenstein in the 1931 Universal version of Frankenstein was Henry, played by Colin Clive. In the book by Mary Shelley the character’s name was Victor. Victor’s son’s name in Son of Frankenstein (1931) was Wolf, as in Baron Wolf von Frankenstein, played by Basil Rathbone.

Who was William Randolph Hearst’s extramarital love interest, the model for Susan Alexander in Citizen Kane (1941)?

Who was William Randolph Hearst’s extramarital love interest, the model for Susan Alexander in Citizen Kane (1941)?

Marion Davies, an actress for whom Hearst founded a movie production company, Cosmopolitan Pictures (which was absorbed by MGM in 1925), was William Randolph Hearst’s extramarital love interest and the model for Susan Alexander in Citizen Kane (1941).

What was the first known case of wiretapping in American politics?

What was the first known case of wiretapping in American politics?

The first known case of wiretapping in American politics occurred at the Republican convention in Chicago in 1912, when opponents of Teddy Roosevelt tapped the phones he used to communicate with his managers. When Roosevelt learned of it, he left his home in Oyster Bay, New York, and came to Chicago to talk to his…

Who first said “Eureka!” and what did it have to do with a bath?

Who first said “Eureka!” and what did it have to do with a bath?

The Greek word heureka, meaning “I have found it,” was made famous by Archimedes, a Sicilian philosopher (c. 287-212 B.C.). Archimedes was given the task of finding out whether a crown presented to the ruler of Syracuse was really pure gold or alloyed with an inferior metal. The philosopher was baffled until he stepped into…